Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cancer cells, preventing them from growing and multiplying. However, because it can also affect healthy cells that divide quickly (e.g., cells in the hair, digestive tract, and bone marrow), it often leads to various side effects. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells like leukemia and lymphoma. The type of chemotherapy will depend on the type, spread and location of cancer. It may also be used in conjunction or in combination with other types of cancer treatments.

Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Adjuvant Chemotherapy: Administered after surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Given before surgery to shrink tumors, making them easier to remove.

Palliative Chemotherapy

Used to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life in advanced cancer stages.

Combination Chemotherapy

Involves using multiple chemotherapy drugs simultaneously to increase effectiveness.

Breast Cancer

Lung Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Ovarian Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Alkylating Agents

Damage the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing (e.g., Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide).

Antimetabolites

Mimic substances needed by cancer cells, disrupting their growth (e.g., Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil).

Plant Alkaloids

Block cancer cell division (e.g., Vincristine, Paclitaxel).

Anthracyclines

Interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication (e.g., Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin).

Targeted Therapy

Specifically targets cancer cell receptors or proteins (e.g., Imatinib, Trastuzumab).

Common Side Effects

Nausea and Vomiting: Often managed with anti-nausea medications.

Hair Loss: Occurs due to the impact on hair follicles.

Fatigue: Patients may feel tired due to the effect on bone marrow and blood cell production.

Long-term and Late Side Effects

Heart, lung, nerve, or kidney damage

Cognitive changes (“chemo brain”)

Risk of secondary cancers

Strategies for Managing Side Effects

Eating small, frequent meals

Hydration and electrolyte management

Using scalp cooling caps to reduce hair loss

Physical activity and rest balance

Dietary Recommendations

Eat high-protein, nutrient-dense foods.

Avoid raw or undercooked foods to reduce infection risk.

Stay hydrated, aiming for at least 8-10 glasses of water per day.

Physical Activity Guidelines

Engage in light exercises like walking or yoga to maintain energy and muscle strength.

Coping with Emotional and Mental Health

Consider counseling, support groups, or stress-reducing activities like meditation.

Regular follow-up visits and tests are crucial for assessing the response to treatment.

Monitoring for long-term side effects and addressing any concerns promptly is essential.

Nutritional support, physical therapy, and mental health counseling may aid in recovery.